COBALT – GOOD OR BAD? WIKI BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE & BATTERIES Wikipedia für Batterien WIKIBATTERY.ORG – BATTERIES Cobalt – A controversial battery raw material Cobalt is used in Lithium-ion batteries
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Energy Storage & Batteries
hHow a battery works:
Lithium-ion batteries power the lives of millions of citizens, workers, and people every day.
From cell phones, notebooks to bikes, hybrids and electric cars. The Lithium-technology is exponentially growing in popularity due to its light-weight, high-energy density, and ability to recharge.
Many other battery chemistries exist (Lead-acid, alkaline-batteries, flow-Batteries, Lithium-metal-batteries and Lithium-Ion-batteries.
However, the Lithium-ion chemistry is the most popular Battery chemistry these days due to 1) the possibility to recharge them and 2) the high amount of energy the LIB can store per battery mass and battery volume.
The five essential of a battery working prinicple to take home are:
How a Lithium-Ion Battery Works:
A battery or accumulator is made from an a) anode, b) cathode, c) separator, d) electrolyte, and e) two current collectors used for the positive cathode and for the negative node).
The anode and cathode store the lithium-ions. The electrolyte carries positively charged lithium ions from the anode to the cathode and vice versa through the ion-permeable separator.
The movement of the lithium ions creates free electrons in the anode, which creates a charge at the positive current collector. The electric current then flows from the current collector through a device being powered (e.g. laptop, cell phone, headset, etc.) to the negative current collector. The separator, which is an electric insulator, blocks the flow of electrons inside the battery.
See also for further information: “How a Lithium-Ion Battery Work” on the Swiss Battery Site.
Lithium-Ion Batteries should not be confused with Lithium-Metal Batteries, which form lithium-metal-dendrites if recharged.
While the battery (under operation) is discharging and delivering an electric current to the device being powered (e.g. cell phone etc…), the anode releases lithium ions to the cathode, generating a flow of electrons from one side to the other of the battery cell.
When plugging in the device to charge the battery the opposite happens: Lithium ions are released by the cathode and received by the anode.
The two most common physical measures (concepts) associated with lithium-ion batteries are the power-density and energy-density. Energy density is expressed in watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg) and is the quantity of energy the battery can store regarding its mass. Power-density is quantified in watts per kilogram (W/kg) and is the quantity of power that can be generated by the battery regarding its mass. In the year 2023 the cathode with the highest energy density for Lithium-Ion is the NMC 811 cathode.
To understand the better, think of draining a water bath: Energy-density is similar to the size of the bath, while power-density is comparable to draining the water bath as quickly as possible.
Both measures, energy and power, can be related to cost.
For example, the holy grail cost (target for EV batteries of the US Department of energy) of battery storage has been for a long time 100 CHF/kWh.
This means that a Battery which can stores 1 kWh of energy in the form of electricity should not cost more than CHF 100.
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