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Research pays much attention to the properties of the separator material through which the lithium metal penetrates. The most common idea to solve the lithium-dendrite problem is to form a mechanical barrier that would stop metallic dendrites from growing into the counter electrode.
Lithium-dendrites formed by inhomogeneous deposition of lithium to the current collector causes short-circuit risks and capacity loss for batteries. Dendrite penetration through battery separators and various solid-electrolytes is a key challenge facing a next generation of extreme-high energy-density batteries.
However, the picture of mechanical dendrite barrier is a naïve concept. Mechanical strain may equally built-up and mechanically stress the cell. A concept to solve the dendrite problem beyond a simple mechanical “hard” barrier is like winning the 150-year-old metal-dendrite game. [1]
The mechanism and formation of dendrites is not yet fully understood. A very detailed analysis of the formation of dendrites in lithium-ion batteries has recently been reported.
Until recently, it was not known by theory why metals such as lithium or zinc form dendrites at the anode during charging, while silver or copper do not build dendrites. Researchers see an explanation for dendrite formation: potentials below the charge zero point. DFT calculations suggest that every metal has a so-called charge zero point.
If the metal is deposited at potentials below this charge zero – i.e., at a negatively charged electrode – the crystal-like dendrites are formed. During deposition, small irregularities like bulges keep forming on the surface.
Following the laws of electrostatics, the negative charge concentrates on the tips of such clusters and attracts the positively charged lithium ions. Thus, these peaks continue to grow and eventually form dendrites.
In metals such as copper or silver, the surface is positively charged during deposition. “If a small bulge forms on the surface there, a positive charge accumulates. This repels the positively charged metal ions, and the cluster cannot continue to grow and form dendrites.[2]
Feng Wu et al., Perspectives for restraining harsh lithium dendrite growth: Towards robust lithium metal anodes, Energy Storage Materials, Volume 15, November 2018, Pages 148-170.
Qitao Shi et al. Recent developments in current collectors for lithium metal anodes, Mater. Chem. Front., 2023,7, 1298-1311
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Circular economy, trade in Li-ion batteries waste will remain essential in markets where economically viable recycling can take place. Promoting circular economy and value chains for Li-ion batteries require clear rules on the waste status, transport, storage, safety regulations, trade facilitation, standards for battery design, product lifetime, and regulatory targets for waste collection and recycling rates.
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The volumetric power density is power per volume (W/L)
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The energy density describes the amount of energy that can be stored in a battery per mass or per volume. There is a “volumetric energy density”, sometimes short-abbreviated as “energy density” and the specific energy density also called as the gravimetric energy density. Therefore, the amount of energy per kg (Wh/kg) or the amount of energy per litre (Wh/L).
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